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Karma is a concept in Hinduism which explains causality through a system where beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions and harmful effects from past harmful actions, creating a system of actions and reactions throughout a soul's reincarnated lives forming a cycle of rebirth. The causality is said to be applicable not only to the material world but also to our thoughts, words, actions and actions that others do under our instructions.〔Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda , ''The hidden power in humans'', Ibera Verlag, page 23., ISBN 3-85052-197-4〕 ==Origins== The earliest appearance of the word ''karman'' is found in the Rigveda. The term ''karman'' also appears significantly in the Atharva Veda. According to the Shatapatha Brahmana, "a man is born to the world he has made" and one is placed in a balance in the other world for an estimate of one's good and evil deed. It also declares that as a man is 'constituted' by his desires, he is born in the other world with reference to these.〔Radhakrishnan, S. History of Philosophy - Eastern and Western. P. 50〕 Scholars have generally agreed that the earliest formulation of the Karma doctrine occurs in the Brhadaranyaka Upanisad, which is the earliest of the Upanisads. The doctrine occurs here in the context of a discussion of the fate of the individual after death.〔Tull, Herman W. The Vedic Origins of Karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient Indian Myth and Ritual. SUNY Series in Hindu Studies. P. 28〕 The doctrine of transmigration of the soul, with respect to fateful retribution for acts committed, does not appear in the Rig Veda.〔Michaels, p. 156.〕 The belief in rebirth is, suggests Radhakrishnan, evident in the Brahmanas, where words like ''punar-mrtyu''(re-death), ''punar-asu'' (coming to life again) and ''punarajati'' (rebirth) are used to denote it.〔Radhakrishnan, S. (History of Philosophy - Eastern and Western ), P. 50〕 Radhakrishnan acknowledges that other scholars interpret certain ''punar-mrtyu'' verses of Rigveda to be discussing "repeated deaths"; however, he suggests that it might also be re-interpreted to imply rebirth, as in "come home once again".〔 The concept of karma first appears strongly in the Bhagavad Gita.〔''(Bhagavad Gita, Indian Sacred Text ), By Swami Nikhilananda,Chapter 3, Ramakrishna -Vivekananda Centre Press, 2004〕 The topic of karma is mentioned in the Puranas.〔''(Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions ), By Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger, page 14, University of California Press, 1980〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Karma in Hinduism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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